Politics And The Federal Government - 961 Words

The majority of Americans have become apathetic when politics or the federal government are brought up in either the news, inside classrooms, or amongst friends and relatives. Nevertheless, people tend to have an ignorant state of mind towards politics and become so unaware about what the federal government does on a daily basis. Not to mention, Americans refuse to accept that the federal government has people working in the Senate and in the House of Representatives, recognizing and debating their top issues they have back in their districts. Congress issues many bills and legislates a numerous amount of laws that are appropriate for the problems that the American people deal with on a daily basis. Moreover, the ability to improve the Constitution by amending it has helped cooperate with Congress by fulfilling the needs of the American people. In the end, not only were states given rights by the Constitution, with the addition of the Declaration, which gave alienable rights to each American. Thus, American citizens apply to Civil Liberties; specifying how each individual has freedoms that are guaranteed to them, and no higher power has the right to restrain these freedoms. Without a doubt, Civil Liberties are the extreme freedoms the writers of the Constitution feared losing when leaning towards a democracy. This resulted in the Original dilemma, explaining the conflict between freedom and order, which is what the framers of the Constitution dealt with. Order brought fearShow MoreRelatedThe Consequences of an Increasingly Globalized World Essay1330 Words   |  6 Pagesglobalisation has dramatically changed the context in which nation-states operate and, in turn, the central governments’ ability to govern in a truly democratic manner. With this in mind, this essay will address the question of whether the federal principle of governance is applicable to all or only certain states. It will argue that as the forces of globalisation continue to operate, the federal principle will gradually become the most attractive option for all democratic states as they contend withRead MorePolicies and Politics of Government in Charge of a Public Agency646 Words   |  3 PagesPolicies and Politics of Government in Change of a Public Agency: Government policy can be described as the declaration that defines the objective of the priorities and goals of the government. Since these policies outline the rules, role, and procedures, they develop a framework in which the government and its citizens can carry out their specific duties. The public policies are created by all governmental levels and target the entire population or particular groups. The process of developingRead MoreThe Politics Of State And Communities886 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom Dye’s â€Å"Politics in State and communities†, described in depth about local and state government laws and policies. It touched base on how they operate separately as well as together. It also described the constitution and what connection it has with the state from a federal standpoint. The constitution limits and influences politics at the state level. (DYE, pg. 28) Politics of the state also determine if a state is primarily liberal, conservative or of the commonwe alth. Federal, Confederal andRead MoreReconstruction After the Civil War Essay665 Words   |  3 Pageswould national unity be accomplished. It is obvious that throughout this time the power held within the federal government would be challenged by southern state governments. The struggles reflected the inability of reaching a concurrent decision. During Johnson’s presidency Republicans did not agree with the meager actions in regards to ex-rebels. Republicans did not agree with how the government exacted demands on the southern states. They were not swift punishments or appropriate retribution. RepublicansRead MoreThe Civil War And Reconstruction977 Words   |  4 Pagesrevolutionary principles created by Congress opened the doors for free African-American men into American politics. The participation of African-Americans in American politics was revolutionary in of itself. The pre-revolutionized system of American politics would have never allowed African-Americans to par ticipate. The biggest way that African-Americans were able to participate in politics was by voting. A great book that exemplifies the politicization of African-Americans was in Howard Fast’s bookRead MoreThe Influence Of Sovereignty On The National Union1387 Words   |  6 Pages As an American Citizen, it’s common to hear the word â€Å"sovereignty† thrown around here and there, especially when it comes to politics. Sovereignty, put simply, is the ability for a state to â€Å"govern itself or another state† (google). The beginning and principle to such an idea was the Treaty of Westphalia, which was signed in 1648, ending the Thirty Years war. It’s ability was â€Å"to place state sovereignty at the forefront of international relations† (international relations.org). In recent timesRead MoreThe Constitution : A Powerful Movement Throughout The American History Essay1107 Words   |  5 Pagesparties, that has shaped the modern governm ent today. One fights for a strong central government while the other wants a small central government and strong military. These two differences in ideals have always been a powerful movement throughout the American history. Even as the Constitution was ratified on the 21st of June in 1788, federalists, and antifederalists fought against the opponent’s ideals. One side wanted the new country to have a strong centralized government (federalists), and the otherRead MoreWhat Was The Reagan Revolution?1337 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to American Politics What was the ‘Reagan Revolution’ and in what ways did it â€Å"change the course which American politics had followed since the 1930s†? Presidents of the United States are expected to lead the country and find solutions to its problems, but the chances of being allowed to do marginal political steps are negligible and success is rarely accomplished. Ronald Reagan was the president successful in bringing fundamental change in American politics. He was likeable man, greatRead MoreFactionalism in America Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagesrelief is only to be sought in the means of controlling its effects. (Federalist Papers 1999, 75) In many ways, the nature of American politics has revolved around this question since our countrys birth. What is the relationship between parties and government? Should the party serve as an intermediary between the populace and government, and how should a government respond to disparate ideas espoused by the factions inherent to a free society. This paper will discuss the political evolution that hasRead MoreResurgence of Conservatism1211 Words   |  5 Pagesstrong advancement in politi cal liberalism, and a significant increase in the power and influence of government-funded social programs as a result of Lyndon B. Johnsons Great Society reforms. Beginning with the election of Nixon, however, followed a gradual return to conservatism whether religiously, politically, or economically. The resurgence of conservatism in American politics and government in the years 1964-2005, was caused in reaction to 1960s liberal political, economic, and social policies

The Rights Of American Citizens - 1217 Words

Intersex Rights American citizens could be being treated unfairly when it comes to their sexual identity. An intersex human is one possessing any of several variations in sex characteristics including chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones, or genitals that, according to the U.N. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights â€Å"do not fit the typical definition for male or female bodies†. Some people would argue that transgender individuals and intersex individuals are considered to be two heads of the same coin and should be given equal rights to one another. However an intersex person is born the way they are whereas a transgender person is born a male or a female and wishes to switch to the other gender.†¦show more content†¦From the time they are brought into this world their parents as well as themselves must struggle to find their sexual identity. Now on there other hand transgender people are born with either male sexual organs or female sexual organs. They fe el as if they are one stuck in the other one s body, but nonetheless it is a psychological desire within the person s conscious which seeks to become the other gender. It s perfectly fine to push for what you believe in but it s a totally different ball game trying to get everyone else to believe to. People are being treated unfairly and without consideration. According to Elizabeth Ries the author of â€Å"Divergence and disorder† Stated â€Å" The conditions once known under the umbrella terms intersex and hermaphroditism are now generally being called disorders of sex development in medical settings. The terms might seem synonymous, but in fact there are significant differences with controversial consequences. The term disorder of sex development may promise clarity for doctors who diagnose patients with such conditions and provide some relief for parents of children being born with such conditions, but it has produced considerable rancor among adults who identify as intersex. Specifically, their problem is with the word disorder. The disability rights movement has taught us that atypicality does not necessarily mean disordered. Doesn t disorder imply something is seriously wrong and needs toShow MoreRelatedThe Rights Of The American Citizen Essay1423 Words   |  6 PagesAs Americans citizen we enjoy our rights and freedoms as a society. We enjoy our freedom of speech and our right to choose where to live. With all those freedoms also these rights comes with a legal obligation to uphold and to follow the law of our country. Also there are many American citizens moral obligated to exercise their rights but many times of the case Americans citizens are not forces to legally oblige to follow the law. A good example an American citizen has the right to bear armsRead MoreThe Rights Of American Citizens2057 Words   |  9 Pagesupon the rights of American citizens, which has catalyzed legal controversy and skepticism towards the United States government due to the violation of privacy (Liu 2014). The Internet is a vast host for a plethora of information and communication between people; private activities and messages between people are not protected under United States laws, which can be exploited. The problem is seen in the NSA’s unwa rranted collection of personal information and spying on American citizen, and rationalizedRead MoreThe Civil Rights Of American Citizens1325 Words   |  6 Pages POLICE BRUTALITY Has the civil rights of American citizens been forgotten? Even though some people believe that the criminal justice system was made for the protection of citizens and are protecting our rights. The criminal justice system needs to be reformed due to the abuse of civil rights because of the death of innocent citizens, effects on the lives of children, and the misconducted investigations set those officers who committed the crime free. The criminal justice system needs to be reformedRead MoreThe Rights Of Fellow American Citizens1400 Words   |  6 Pagesacross the United States stand before the American flag pledging an allegiance to a country that protects every citizen’s â€Å"unalienable rights†. Students are raised to devote their life to a country they are born into by chance. Unknown to them, they are subject to the laws and regulations of an outside world that boasts freedom, yet imposes a pledge amongst children. The American government was once a country of dissent and rebellion. However, as citizens become radical in the midst of chaos, cowerRead MoreThe Same Rights As American Citizens2445 Words   |  10 Pages2. The same rights as American citizens. It is unfair to arrest millions of undocumented immigrants. Conservatives only support legal immigration and oppose amnesty for those who enter the U.S. illegally (illegal immigrants). Those who break the law by entering the U.S. illegally do not have the same rights as those who obey the law and enter legally. The borders should be secured before addressing the problem of the illegal immigrants currently in our country. The FederalRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights : The Rights Of All American Citizens1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe Bill of Rights is a written document that contains the first ten amendments of the U.S constitution. This historic document was created to provide security for the rights of individuals. The Bill of Rights was written by James Madison in December 15, 1791 and was officially put into effect in March 1st, 1792. The Bill of Rights consists of ten amendments, which protects the natural rights of all American citizens. A major variety of these ten amendments helps assure the protection of some aspectsRead MoreThe Patriot Act is Detrimental to the Rights of American Citizens2336 Words   |  10 PagesBill of Rights which details the rights the citizens of the United States of America are guaranteed. Unfortunately, during the past two hundred years, politicians seem to have lost focus on the principle of personal liberty. One of the most recent examples of this came with the passage of Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001. The USA PATRIOT Act is a crucial attack to the rights of American citizensRead MoreUndocumented Immigrants Should Be The Same Rights As American Citizens1359 Words   |  6 Pages The presupposition that undocumented immigrants should receive the same rights as Amer ican citizens are a categorical truth. Although some advocates against undocumented immigration would argue that they have overpopulated our nation, these romantic critics are too dogmatic in their provincial ideology. Everyone has the human rights and have the authority to enter to the country without being deported. People should know the reasons why immigrants come to America before deporting them. MoreRead MorePolitical Parties During Americ The Great Rights That Every American Citizen1417 Words   |  6 PagesSam Rosen Mr. Greenberg Honors Gov.- Period 2 16 October 2015 Political Parties in America Voting is one of the great rights that every American citizen is entitled to. It gives Americans the chance to voice their pleasure, or displeasure, with those who represent them in public office by selecting who they believe best represents their values and beliefs. But who organizes the candidates? What are they affiliated with? The answer is political parties. A political party is an organization of peopleRead MoreMaking American Samoans Citizens : A Constitutional Right That Is Protected By The United States Constitution1572 Words   |  7 Pages Make American Samoans Citizens American citizenship is a constitutional right that is protected by the United States Constitution. Citizenship applies to people in all of the 50 states, along with the inhabited territories of the U.S., except for one. American Samoa, a small group of islands located in the Southern Hemisphere about 7,000 miles from Washington, does not allow locals to have U.S. citizenship automatically. This issue, which affects the 55,000 people who live on these islands, has

Lisa Bright ; Dark By John Neufeld Essay Example For Students

Lisa Bright ; Dark By John Neufeld Essay Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter!LisaBright Dark by John NeufeldJohn Neufeld is the author of Lisa Bright Dark. He lives and works in New York City these days. He was educatedat Yale. His style of writing are usually touching stories. Finding information about John Neufeldis quite difficult since the Internet nor the book has provided any helpwhatsoever. Lisa Shilling is the main character ofthis book. She is just sixteen as she slowly loses her mind. Lisa is quitean example of teenager with problems which is why shed be classified asa very real character. Her dangerous state of mind reflects the realismthat this does happen. Her moods are forever changing. Lisasmotivation as a teenager is to live her live normally. This is hard to do since she is in needof help. Many can relate to Lisa and her illness because it is among teenagerstoday. Her mother and father snub her off completely overlooking her seriousunstableness. Luckily, she has friends that care enough to help her. Themain conflict of this book is the struggle to convince Lisas parents thatshe is ill and needs serious help. Her parents did not pay attention inthe beginning when Lisa started to act a little different. This is ratherunderstandable. Lisa was in school and pricked herself with a needle thatdrew blood. Many told Lisas stubborn parents that she needed a psychiatrist. They simply refused to accept the fact that their daughter was in needof anything. When Lisa even screamed out that she needed help, they simplywouldnt understand. She even walked right through a glass window. Herparents didnt understand until it was almost too late. The conflict wasfinally resolved after they got her the help she was in need of. This isan example of man verse himself since the conflict deals with Lisa fightingher illness. This book type is about a social problem. This means thata dilemma occurred in the social area. In this case it involved Lisa Shillingand her struggle with society and her illness. One example of this social problem wouldbe the fact that society such as Lisas classmates were uneducated abouther problem so they didnt understand her. Another example would be howLisas parents were too busy with their life to notice their daughtersplea for help. Yet another example would be how the teachers and guidancetried to look around the problem. Today, the same social problems are stillfaced. The books them dealt with mental illness and treating it. It wasabout Lisa and her problems. This book showed that the perplexing problemcould be treated right just as long as she got the right help. Her friendswere the main people to help her overcome it all. It can be seen that thissituation was very difficult then and now. The moral of this story is basedon the illness of a girl and societys impact on her. It goes to show thatshe was helped and hurt at the same time. This passage caught my eye. Its a momentof shock and surprise caused by Lisas illness. This is a sudden outburstno one was prepared for. They handled it well under those circumstances. Lisa had shoved Elizabeth toward the dyingfire, and had jumped on her in one movement. She began hitting Elizabethsface, then changed her attack and began punching Elizabeth everywhere shecould her sides, her stomach, kicking at her legs, grabbing her by hehair. It was terrifying. .u2c11e24b587a83c9f10d2020222b05b6 , .u2c11e24b587a83c9f10d2020222b05b6 .postImageUrl , .u2c11e24b587a83c9f10d2020222b05b6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2c11e24b587a83c9f10d2020222b05b6 , .u2c11e24b587a83c9f10d2020222b05b6:hover , .u2c11e24b587a83c9f10d2020222b05b6:visited , .u2c11e24b587a83c9f10d2020222b05b6:active { border:0!important; } .u2c11e24b587a83c9f10d2020222b05b6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2c11e24b587a83c9f10d2020222b05b6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2c11e24b587a83c9f10d2020222b05b6:active , .u2c11e24b587a83c9f10d2020222b05b6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2c11e24b587a83c9f10d2020222b05b6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2c11e24b587a83c9f10d2020222b05b6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2c11e24b587a83c9f10d2020222b05b6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2c11e24b587a83c9f10d2020222b05b6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2c11e24b587a83c9f10d2020222b05b6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2c11e24b587a83c9f10d2020222b05b6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2c11e24b587a83c9f10d2020222b05b6 .u2c11e24b587a83c9f10d2020222b05b6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2c11e24b587a83c9f10d2020222b05b6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Atomic Bomb EssayThis is the list of ten vocabulary wordsthat I didnt know as I read Lisa Bright Dark. Most of them deal with Lisas illness issome way. 1. schizophrenia : a psychotic disordercharacterized by loss of contact with the environment, by noticeable deteriorationin the level of functioning in everyday life, and by disintegration ofpersonality expressed as disorder of feeling, thought (as in hallucinationsand delusions), and conduct-called also dementia praecox. 2. confidante : CONFIDANT especially :one who is a woman. 3. conscience : the sense or consciousnessof the moral goodness or blame worthiness of ones own conduct, intentions,or character together with a feeling of obligation to do right or be good. 4. immobility : the incapability of beingmoved. 5. Mountie : a member of the Royal CanadianMounted Police. 6. quarry : a diamond-shaped pane of glass,stone, or tile. 7. aquiline : curving like an eaglesbeak. 8. analyst : a person who analyzes orwho is skilled in analysis. 9. docilely : easily led or managed :TRACTABLE. 10. barbiturate : any of various derivativesof barbituric acid used esp. as sedatives, hypnotics, and antispasmodics. TheLinknation Network

Interview Of Euclid Essays - Ancient Greek Philosophers, Euclid

Interview Of Euclid Ammar: Hi Mr. Euclid. Euclid: Hello Ammar: How are you Sir? Euclid: I am fine thank you. Euclid: How may I help you. Ammar: I want an interview of you Sir for my history teacher. May I get it? Euclid: Yes, sure, why not. So what do you want to ask me? Ammar: If you won't mind, can I ask some personal questions in the beginning of the interview? Euclid: OK! I won't mind unless they are too personal. Ammar: What date were you born, and where were you born? Euclid: I am not sure about my date of birth because in those days there were no birth certificates and our parents don't keep record of the dates of births. I believe I was born around 300 BC. I was born in Alexandria, Athens, Greece. Ammar: Did you marry? How many kids do you have? Euclid: Well, I married and I have two kids. The eldest on is a boy and the younger one is a girl. Ammar: What school you went to? Tell us something about it. Euclid: I went to Alexandria School. It is situated in Athens, Greece. The teachers of that school were the pupils of Plato. After I graduated from that school I started teaching in that school. After working for a while I created a school of mathematics and then I started teaching there. Ammar: Were you interested in mathematics since the beginning of your studies or you changed your mind later? Euclid: At first when I joined school and I had no idea of what I will become. I don't know what happened and I later became interested in math and I thought of becoming a mathematician. Ammar: During the time you were in school, there were very famous Greek Philosophers like Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato. They also had many different followers, who do you think you follow? Why? Euclid: I think I belong to the persuasion of Plato because I was taught by his pupils and the ideas in me are quite platonist. You could see that by reviewing the results of my researches (Proculs, p. 57[68:19-20]; Bulmer-Thomas, p.415). Ammar: What contributions you made in mathematics? Euclid: You know that I devoted my whole life in the field of math and I think all of my works are a contribution to the field of math. All of my works are combined in form of books. They are Elements, Data, On Divisions of Figures, Phaenomena and Optics. Ammar: Tell us something about your book Data. Euclid: The Data is closely related to the first four books of the Elements. It opens with definitions of the different senses in which things are said to be ?given?. Thus lines, angles, and ratios may be given in magnitude, rectilinear figures may be given in species or given in form, points and lines may be given in position and so on. These definition are followed by 94 propositions which state that when certain aspects of a figure are given, other aspects are given (Boyer, p. 117-118: Bulmer-Thomas p. 425-430). The Data is also considered important in the development of algebra. (B.L. Van der Waerden, Science Awakening I, trans. Arnold Dresden (Groningen Holland: P. Noordhoff, [1975?]), p. 198) Ammar: Mr. Euclid, what is your book On Division of Figures based on? Euclid: It consists of 36 propositions concerning division of various figures into two or more equal parts or parts in given ratios. These divisions may be into like figures. On Division of Figures also contains division into unlike figures. The figures include triangle, parallelogram, trapezia, circles quadrilaterals, and figures bound by an arc of a circle and two straight lines from a given angle. Another important thing that book has is the proofs. Among those proofs only four have survived because the others were proved to be wrong (Bulmer Thomas, p. 426; Heath, Greek, I p. 425-6). Ammar: I heard a lot about your book Phaenomena. It gained a lot of popularity. Tell us some important points of that book. Euclid: It is a tract on sphaeric, the study of sphaerical geometry for the purpose of explaining planetary motions (Heath, Greek, I p. 11-12). It is present in Greek and is quite similar to On the Moving Sphere. In the book, I stated that an ellipse may be obtained from

Hard Determinism

Hard Determinism Hard determinism is a philosophical position that consists of two main claims: Determinism is true.Free will is an illusion. The distinction between â€Å"hard determinism† and â€Å"soft determinism† was first made by the American philosopher William James (1842-1910). Both positions insist on the truth of determinism: that is, they both assert that every event, including every human action, is the necessary result of prior causes operating according to the laws of nature. But whereas soft determinists claim that this is compatible with our having free will, hard determinists deny this. While soft determinism is a form of compatibilism, hard determinism is a form of incompatibilism. Arguments for hard determinism Why would anyone want to deny that human beings have free will? The main argument is simple. Ever since the scientific revolution, led by the discoveries of people like Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton, science has largely presupposed that we live in a deterministic universe. The principle of sufficient reason asserts that every event has a complete explanation. We may not know what that explanation is, but we assume that everything that happens can be explained. Moreover, the explanation will consist of identifying the relevant causes and laws of nature that brought about the event in question. To say that every event is determined by prior causes and the operation of laws of nature means that it was bound to happen, given those prior conditions. If we could rewind the universe to a few seconds before the event and play the sequence through again, we’d get the same result. Lightning would strike in exactly the same spot; the car would break down at exactly the same time; the goalkeeper would save the penalty in exactly the same way; you would choose exactly the same item from the restaurant’s menu. The course of events is predetermined and therefore, at least in principle, predictable. One of the best-known statements of this doctrine was given by the French scientist Pierre-Simon Laplace (11749-1827).   He wrote: We may regard the present state of the universe as the effect of its past and the cause of its future. An intellect which at a certain moment would know all forces that set nature in motion, and all positions of all items of which nature is composed, if this intellect were also vast enough to submit these data to analysis, it would embrace in a single formula the movements of the greatest bodies of the universe and those of the tiniest atom; for such an intellect nothing would be uncertain and the future just like the past would be present before its eyes. Science cannot really prove that determinism is true. After all, we often do encounter events for which we don’t have an explanation. But when this happens, we don’t assume that we are witnessing an uncaused event; rather, we just assume that we haven’t discovered the cause yet. But the remarkable success of science, and especially its predictive power, is a powerful reason for supposing that determinism is true. For with one notable exception–quantum mechanics (about which see below) the history of modern science has been a history of the success of deterministic thinking as we have succeeded in making increasingly accurate predictions about everything, from what we see in the sky to how our bodies react to particular chemical substances. Hard determinists look at this record of successful prediction and conclude that the assumption it rests on–every event is causally determined–is well-established and allows for no exceptions. That means that human decisions and actions are as predetermined as any other event. So the common belief that we enjoy a special sort of autonomy, or self-determination, because we can exercise a mysterious power we call â€Å"free will,† is an illusion. An understandable illusion, perhaps, since it makes us feel that we are importantly different from the rest of nature; but an illusion all the same. What about quantum mechanics? Determinism as an all-encompassing view of things received a severe blow in the 1920s with the development of quantum mechanics, a branch of physics dealing with the behavior of subatomic particles. According to the widely accepted model proposed by Werner Heisenberg and Niels Bohr, the subatomic world contains some indeterminacy.   For instance, sometimes an electron jumps from one orbit around its atom’s nucleus to another orbit, and this is understood to be an event without a cause.   Similarly, atoms will sometimes emit radioactive particles, but this, too, is viewed as an event without a cause. Consequently, such events cannot be predicted. We can say that there is, say, a 90% probability that something will happen, meaning that nine times out of ten, a specific set of conditions will produce that happening. But the reason we can’t be more precise is not because we are lacking a relevant piece of information; it is just that a degree of indeterminacy is built i nto nature. The discovery of quantum indeterminacy was one of the most surprising discoveries in the history of science, and it has never been universally accepted.   Einstein, for one, could not countenance it, and still today there are physicists who believe that the indeterminacy is only apparent, that eventually a new model will be developed which reinstates a thoroughly deterministic point of view.   At present, though, quantum indeterminacy is generally accepted for much the same sort of reason that determinism is accepted outside quantum mechanics: the science that presupposes it is phenomenally successful. Quantum mechanics may have dented the prestige of determinism as a universal doctrine, but that doesn’t mean it has salvaged the idea of free will. There are still plenty of hard determinists around. This is because when it comes to macro objects like human beings and human brains, and with macro events such as human actions, the effects of quantum indeterminacy is thought to be negligible to non-existent. All that is needed to rule out free will in this realm   is what is sometimes called â€Å"near determinism.† This is what it sounds like–the view that determinism holds throughout most of nature.   Yes, there may be some subatomic indeterminacy. But what is merely probabilistic at the subatomic level still translates into deterministic necessity when we are talking about the behavior of larger objects. What about the feeling that we have free will? For most people, the strongest objection to hard determinism has always been the fact that when we choose to act in a certain way, it feels as if our choice is free: that is, it feels as if we are in control and exercising a power of self-determination. This is true whether we are making life-altering choices such as deciding to get married, or trivial choices such as opting for apple pie rather than cheesecake. How strong is this objection?   It is certainly convincing to many people. Samuel Johnson probably spoke for many when he said, â€Å"We know our will is free, and there’s an end to it!†Ã‚   But the history of philosophy and science contains many examples of claims that seem obviously true to common sense but turn out to be false. After all, it feels as if the earth is still while the sun moves around it; it seems as if material objects are dense and solid when in fact they consist mainly of empty space. So the appeal to subjective impressions, to how things feel is problematic. On the other hand, one could argue that the case of free will is different from these other examples of common sense being wrong. We can accommodate the scientific truth about the solar system or the nature of material objects fairly easily. But it’s hard to imagine living a normal life without believing that you are responsible for your actions. The idea that we are responsible for what we do underlies our willingness to praise and blame, reward and punish, take pride in what we do or feel remorse. Our whole moral belief system and our legal system seem to rest on this idea of individual responsibility. This points to a further problem with hard determinism. If every event is causally determined by forces beyond our control, then this must include the event of the determinist concluding that determinism is true. But this admission seems to undermine the whole idea of arriving at our beliefs through a process of rational reflection. It also seems to render pointless the whole business of debating issues like free will and determinism, since it is already predetermined who will hold what view. Someone making this objection doesn’t have to deny that all our thought processes have correlated physical processes going on in the brain. But there is still something odd about treating one’s beliefs as the necessary effect of these brain processes rather than as the result of reflection. On these grounds, some critics view hard determinism as self-refuting. Related links Soft determinism Indeterminism and free will Fatalism

The Peloponnesian War - Causes of the Conflict

The Peloponnesian War - Causes of the Conflict Many excellent historians have discussed the causes of the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE), and many more will do so in the future. Thucydides, however, wrote the most important contemporary chronicle of the war. Importance of the Peloponnesian War Fought between the allies of Sparta and the empire of Athens, the crippling Peloponnesian War paved the way for the Macedonian takeover of Greece by Philip II of Macedon and, following that, Alexander the Greats empire. Before the Peloponnesian War, the city-states (poleis) of Greece had worked together to fight off the Persians. During the Peloponnesian War, they turned on each other. Thucydides on the Cause of the Peloponnesian War In the first book of his history, participant-observer and historian Thucydides recorded the causes of the Peloponnesian War: The real cause I consider to be the one which was formally most kept out of sight. The growth of the power of Athens, and the alarm which this inspired in Lacedaemon, made war inevitable.I.1.23 History of the Peloponnesian War While Thucydides seemed quite certain that he had settled the question of the cause of the Peloponnesian War for all time, historians continue to debate the origins of the war. The main reasons proposed are: Sparta was jealous of other powers and desired more power for itself.Sparta was unhappy at no longer having all the military glory.Athen bullied its allies and neutral cities.There was a conflict among city-states between competing political ideologies. Historian Donald Kagan has been studying the causes of the Peloponnesian War for decades. His 2003 book provides a detailed breakdown of the politics, alliances, and events that led to the war. Athens and the Delian League Many historical accounts make brief mention of the earlier Persian Wars, which undervalues their importance as a contributing factor to the later war. Because of the Persian Wars, Athens had to be rebuilt and it came to dominate its group of allies politically and economically. The Athenian empire started with the Delian League, which had been formed to allow Athens to take the lead in the  war against Persia, and wound up providing Athens with access to what was supposed to be a communal treasury. Athens used these communal funds to build up its navy and, with it, its importance and power. Spartas Allies Earlier, Sparta had been the military leader of the Greek world. Sparta had a set of loose alliances by means of individual treaties that extended to the Peloponnese, excepting Argos and Achaea. The Spartan alliances are referred to as the Peloponnesian League. Sparta Insults Athens When Athens decided to invade Thasos, Sparta would have come to the aid of the north Aegean island, had Sparta not suffered a natural disaster. Athens, still bound by alliances of the Persian War years, tried to help the Spartans, but was rudely asked to leave. Kagan says that this open quarrel in 465 BCE was the first between Sparta and Athens. Athens broke off the alliance with Sparta and allied, instead, with Spartas enemy, Argos. Athens Gains an Ally and an Enemy When Megara turned to Sparta for help in its boundary dispute with Corinth, Sparta, which was allied with both city-states, declined to come to their aid. Megara broke its alliance with Sparta and proposed a new one with Athens. Athens needed a friendly Megara on its border since it provided gulf access, so it agreed in 459 BCE. Doing so, unfortunately, set up lasting enmity with Corinth. About 15 years later, Megara joined back up again with Sparta. Thirty Years Peace In 446 and 445, Athens, a sea power, and Sparta, a land power, signed a peace treaty. The Greek world was now formally divided in two, with two hegemons. By treaty, members of one side could not switch and join the other, although neutral powers could take sides. Historian Kagan writes that, for possibly the first time in history, an attempt was made to keep the peace by requiring both sides to submit grievances to binding arbitration. Fragile Balance of Power A complicated partially ideological political conflict between Spartan-ally Corinth and her neutral daughter city and strong naval power, Corcyra, led to Athenian involvement in Spartas realm. Corcyra appealed to Athens for help, offering to Athens the use of its navy. Corinth urged Athens to remain neutral. But since Corcyras navy was powerful, Athens was concerned that it would fall into Spartan hands and disrupt whatever fragile balance of power the city-states were maintaining. Athens signed a defense-only treaty and sent a fleet to Corcyra. Fighting ensued and Corcyra, with Athens aid, won the Battle of Sybota against Corinth in 433. Athens now knew that direct battle with Corinth was inevitable. Spartan Promises to Athens Ally Potidaea was part of the Athenian empire, but also a daughter city of Corinth. Athens feared a revolt, with good reason, since the Potidaeans had secretly acquired a promise of Spartan support, to invade Athens, in violation of the 30 years treaty. Megarian Decree Athens former ally, the polis Megara, had allied with Corinth at Sybota and elsewhere, and Athens, therefore, put a peacetime embargo on Megara. Historians are not clear on the embargos effects, some saying that Megara was merely made uncomfortable, while others claim that it set the polis on the brink of starvation. The embargo was not an act of war, but Corinth took the opportunity to urge all allies disaffected with Athens to pressure Sparta now to invade Athens. There were enough hawks among the ruling bodies in Sparta to carry the war motion. And so the full-fledged Peloponnesian War began. Sources Kagan, Donald. The Peloponnesian War. Viking, 2003Sealey, Raphae. The Causes of the Peloponnesian War. Classical Philology, vol. 70, no. 2, April 1975, pp. 89-109.Thucydides. The History of the Peloponnesian War. Translated by Richard Crawley, J.M. Dent and Sons, 1910.

Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Health - Essay Example ling students that if we want to go for a monthly pregnancy test we visit a gynecologist and tell various other designations related to the field of medicine. Give students a fortnight to complete their task and ensure that every kind of help they might need will be appreciated. Keep students morale high by asking about their background knowledge of the subject. By encouraging their effort. By providing a healthy environment in which they don’t feel insecure. Also, make sure that every student participates in the class. Before starting the video ask questions about the topic. Ask questions in such a way that students try to be productive in a class. Try keeping the attention of children by making it fun but avoid using open words, keep intact. Don’t use unnecessary details. If you are talking about prosthetics, try using such words that are understandable by every student. If you are telling about birth control pills make sure that it must not be a challenge for other student that follows different society. Providing extra knowledge helps student to learn more. Advances in the field can be shown by using different animations and websites. Children relate to cartoons and videos and sound effects more than a mere lecture by a teacher Use your own knowledge, you are the teacher and you should be familiar enough with various techniques and approaches used in surgery and reproductive health. Share stories or insight from latest cases. Share personal experiences in a professional manner. Always give your students some extra knowledge of the subject. Conclude the topic in more generative way. Don’t use conventional methods. Always use such methods that influence students. Remember to make the conclusion discussion based so the output from the children can be recorded. Children need to be vocal about such educations and need to know right from wrong and should be able to remember the lesson in long term life for practical